© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
"It is the nature of Islam to dominate, not to be dominated; to impose its law on all nations and to extend its power to the entire planet."
Hassan al-Banna
The Muslim groups which today threaten the West with terrorism, subversion and insurgency are not only “fascist” in the broad sociological sense, but can trace their literal historical origins to Nazism and its genocidal ambitions.
The ideology of the Islamists whose ranks today include not only al-Qaeda but also Hamas and Hezbollah, originated with Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood.
Hassan al-Banna |
The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna.
The Muslim Brotherhood finds not just its roots, but much of its symbolism, terminology, and political priorities deep within the heart of National Socialism.
For al-Banna, as for many other Muslims worldwide, the end of the caliphate, although brought about by secular Muslim Turks, and Ataturk in particular, was a sacrilege against Islam, for which they blamed (for some incomprehensible reason) the non-Muslim West !
The first time the title of caliph was used as a political instead of symbolic religious title by the Ottomans was the peace treaty with Russia in 1774.
Around 1880 Sultan Abdulhamid II reasserted the title as a way of countering creeping European colonialism in Muslim lands.
By the eve of the First World War, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness vis-à-vis Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity.
Ottoman Caliphate |
But the sultan also enjoyed authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia.
Kemel Ataturk |
On the initiative of Kemel Ataturk, the National Assembly abolished the Caliphate on March 3, 1924. Abdülmecid was sent into exile along with the remaining members of the Ottoman House, marking the official end of the Ottoman Caliphate.
Ataturk wrote: 'Your office, the Khalifate, is no more than an historic relic. It has no justification for existence'
Caliphate is a concept of an Islamic and universal state for all mankind. To establish it is a compulsory for moslems, so that peace and welfare for the world will be realized.
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It was to strike back against the destruction of the caliphate that al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in 1928.
Al-Banna’s antipathy towards Western modernity soon moved him to shape the Brotherhood into an organization seeking to check the secularist tendencies in Muslim society, and return to traditional Islamic values.
He co-founded the Muslim Youth Association in 1927, based on the Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth) which was founded in 1922 - restored the newspaper Al-Manar created by Rashid Rida and Muhammad Abduh, as well as the weekly al-Shehab, a magazine founded by Imam Abdul Hamid Ben Badis, and then launched the Muslim Brotherhood in March 1928.
Hassan Banna in Fascist Uniform 1920s |
Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth) |
Al-Banna recruited followers from a vast cross-section of Egyptian society by addressing issues such as colonialism, public health, educational policy, natural resources management, social inequalities, Arab nationalism, and the weakness of the Islamic world.
Among the perspectives he drew on to address these issues were the anti-capitalist doctrines of European Marxism and especially fascism.
Hassan Banna's Proposed Muslim Caliphate |
The first big step in the international jihad al-Banna envisioned came in the form of trans-national terrorism during the Great Arab Revolt of 1936-39, when one of the most famous of the Muslim Brotherhood’s leaders, the محمد أمين الحسيني (Hajj Amin al-Husseini), Grand Mufti (Supreme Muslim religious leader) of Jerusalem, incited his followers to a three-year war against the Jews in Palestine, and against the British who administered the Palestine Mandate.
The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against British colonial rule, motivated by opposition to mass Jewish immigration.
The revolt consisted of two distinct phases. The first phase was directed primarily by the urban and elitist Higher Arab Committee (HAC) and was focused mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest.
By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British civil administration using a combination of political concessions, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan and Yemen[1]) and the threat of martial law. The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a violent and peasant-led resistance movement that increasingly targeted British forces.
The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against British colonial rule, motivated by opposition to mass Jewish immigration.
The revolt consisted of two distinct phases. The first phase was directed primarily by the urban and elitist Higher Arab Committee (HAC) and was focused mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest.
By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British civil administration using a combination of political concessions, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan and Yemen[1]) and the threat of martial law. The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a violent and peasant-led resistance movement that increasingly targeted British forces.
In 1936 the Brotherhood had about 800 members, but by 1938, just two years into the Revolt, its membership had grown to almost 200,000, with fifty branches in Egypt alone.
By the end of the 1930s, there were more than a half million active members registered, in more than 2,000 branches across the Arab world.
To achieve that broader dream of a global jihad, the Brotherhood developed a network of underground cells, stole weapons, trained fighters, formed secret assassination squads, founded sleeper cells of subversive supporters in the ranks of the army and police, and waited for the order to go public with terrorism, assassinations, and suicide missions.
It was during this time that the Muslim Brotherhood found a soul mate in Nazi Germany.
The Reich offered great power connections to the movement, but the relationship brokered by the Brotherhood was more than a marriage of convenience.
Long before the war, al-Banna had developed an Islamic religious ideology which previewed Hitler’s Nazism.
Both movements sought world conquest and domination.
Both were triumphalist and supremacist (in Nazism the Aryan must rule, while in al-Banna’s Islam, the Muslim religion must hold dominion).
Both advocated subordination of the individual to a central power.
Both were explicitly anti-nationalist in the sense that they believed in the liquidation of the nation-state in favor of a trans-national unifying community.
And both rabidly hated the Jews and sought their destruction.
Arabic 'Mein Kampf' |
Al-Banna’s followers easily transplanted into the Arab world a newly Nazified form of traditional Muslim Jew-hatred, with Arab translations of 'Mein Kampf' (translated into Arabic as 'My Jihad'), and other Nazi anti-Semitic works, including 'Der Sturmer' hate-cartoons, adapted to portray the Jew as the demonic enemy of Allah.
When the Second World War broke out, Al-Banna worked to firm up a formal alliance with Hitler and Mussolini.
But the best known Nazi sympathizer in the Muslim Brotherhood was محمد أمين الحسيني - Haj Mohammed Effendi Amin el-Husseini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and one-time President of the Supreme Muslim Council of Palestine.
Haj Mohammed Effendi Amin el-Husseini (Arabic: محمد أمين الحسيني, Muhammad Amin al-Husayni; (1897 – 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine.
Haj Mohammed Effendi Amin el-Husseini (Arabic: محمد أمين الحسيني, Muhammad Amin al-Husayni; (1897 – 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine.
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Haj Mohammed Effendi Amin el-Husseini |
Al-Husseini used his office to preach anti-Jewish, anti-Zionist, and (turning on his patrons) anti-British vitriol.
He was directly involved in the organization of the 1929 riots which destroyed the 3,000-year-old Jewish community of Hebron.
And he was quick to see that he had a natural ally in Hitler.
As early as spring 1933, he assured the German consul in Jerusalem that "the Muslims inside and outside Palestine welcome the new regime of Germany and hope for the extension of the fascist, anti-democratic governmental system to other countries."
The youth organization established by the Mufti used Nazi emblems, names and uniforms.
Germany reciprocated by setting up scholarships for Arab students, hiring Arab apprentices at German firms, and inviting Arab party leaders to the Nuremberg party rallies and Arab military leaders to Wehrmacht maneuvers.
Most significantly, the German Propaganda Ministry developed strong links with the Grand Mufti and with Arabic newspapers, creating a propaganda legacy that would outlast Husseini, Hitler, and all the other figures of World War II.
In September 1937, Adolf Eichmann and another SS officer carried out an exploratory mission in the Middle East lasting several weeks, and including a friendly productive visit with the Grand Mufti.
It was after that visit, in fact, that the Mufti went on the Nazi payroll as a Nazi agent and propagandist. During the Great Arab Revolt of 1936-39, which al-Husseini helped organize, and which Germany funded, the swastika was used as a mark of identity on Arabic leaflets and graffiti.
Arab children welcomed each other with the Hitler salute, and a sea of German flags and pictures of Hitler were displayed at celebrations.
haj Amin Husseini and Adolf Hitler |
On March 1, 1944, the Mufti called out in a broadcast from Zeesen: “Arabs! Rise as one and fight for your sacred rights. Kill the Jews wherever you find them. Kill them with your teeth if need be. This pleases God, history, and religion. This saves your honor.”
haj Amin Husseini and Heinrich Himmler |
It was the Mufti who urged Hitler, Himmler, and General Ribbentrop to concentrate Germany’s considerable industrial and military resources on the extermination of European Jewry.
The foremost Muslim spiritual leader of his time, he helped in this effort by lobbying to prevent Jews from leaving Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, even though those governments were initially willing to let them go.
As Eichmann himself recounted: “We have promised the Mufti that no European Jew would enter Palestine any more.”
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